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Nipah Virus: Structure, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis, and Management
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus that poses a significant global health threat due to its high mortality rate, human-to-human transmission, and the lack of approved vaccines or antiviral therapies. Since its discovery in Malaysia and Singapore (1998-1999), NiV has caused recurrent outbreaks in South and Southeast
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Nagler Reaction Test: Principle, Procedure & Interpretation
The Nagler reaction, also known as the Nagler test, is a classical yet clinically significant phenotypic laboratory test used for the identification and confirmation of Clostridium perfringens based on its ability to produce lecithinase C (alpha toxin). The test relies on the neutralization of lecithinase activity by a specific antitoxin,
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Serum Phosphate Test: Principle, Procedure & Clinical Significance
Serum inorganic phosphate, or serum phosphate, is a crucial electrolyte involved in phosphate homeostasis. It plays vital roles in bone mineralization, ATP energy metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, cell signaling, and oxygen delivery in red blood cells via 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). About 85% of total body phosphate is stored in the skeleton
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Reticulocyte Count: Procedure, Significance & Interpretation
In the field of clinical hematology, the reticulocyte count stands as a pivotal diagnostic tool that offers invaluable insights into the bone marrow’s erythropoietic activity. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells (RBCs) that represent the transitional stage between nucleated erythroid precursors in the bone marrow and mature erythrocytes in the
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis
Introduction Leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, is transmitted through bites of infected female sandflies. As a neglected tropical disease, it affects millions globally, necessitating accurate laboratory diagnosis for effective management. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 12 million people are affected, with approximately
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Laboratory Examination of Synovial Fluid
Introduction Synovial fluid is a clear, viscoelastic liquid within synovial (diarthrodial) joints, crucial for lubrication and joint health. Arthrocentesis, the aspiration of synovial fluid, serves as a “liquid biopsy” that aids diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases by relieving pressure and providing diagnostic clues for infections, crystal arthropathies, inflammatory, and