Theory & Practices of Clinical Laboratory
Gram staining of expectorated sputum is a simplistic, easy-to-perform, commonly available, and low-cost diagnostic for pneumonia patients. Sputum Gram stain may detect many infections at the same time, and the test has a quick turnaround time. With adequate specimens, the sputum Gram stain can aid in establishing the right bacterial …
The name gonorrhea, which means “flow of seed,” was initially used in the second century when the urethral discharge was mistaken for sperm. For years, the illnesses syphilis and gonorrhea were confused since they were frequently seen in the same person. In 1530, gonorrhea was regarded to be an early …
Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is an enzyme that is employed in a test for the presumptive identification of Streptococci. LAP is a peptidase that hydrolyzes peptide bonds near free amino groups. LAP is known as leucine aminopeptidase because it responds most efficiently with leucine. Leucine- β-naphthylamide is hydrolyzed to yield β-naphthylamine. …
Because of their small size and lack of a cell wall, mycoplasmas vary from other bacteria. Mycoplasmas are distinguishable from other bacteria in the Mollicutes (mollis, soft; cutis, skin, in Latin) class by their lack of cell walls in taxonomy. Nocard and Roux isolated Mycoplasma mycoides spp. mycoides from pleuropneumonia …
Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar and iron Agar (KIA) from Kligler are useful in the presumptive identification of gram-negative enteric bacteria, especially in the screening for intestinal pathogens. The formulae for TSI agar and KIA are identical except that in addition to glucose and lactose, TSI agar contains sucrose. TSI …
Introduction Clinically potent antibacterial drugs are distinguished from antiseptics by their selective toxicity toward the microorganism rather than the host. Selectivity is defined by targeting microbial metabolism or cellular structures that differ from those of mammalian cells. For example, some drugs inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell walls (which are …
Introduction The Catalase Test is a rapid and efficient diagnostic tool for identifying bacterial species. By detecting the presence of the enzyme catalase, this test distinguishes catalase-positive bacteria, like Staphylococcus, from catalase-negative organisms, such as Streptococcus. Widely used in clinical microbiology, it provides valuable insights for bacterial identification. Catalase is …