Theory & Practices of Clinical Laboratory
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite derived from dietary nutrients processed by gut bacteria. Emerging research links high TMAO levels to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes. It is essential to understand TMAO production, its impact on cholesterol metabolism, and its broader health implications for …
Atherosclerosis, also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is the most common form of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a leading cause of death worldwide. This condition is characterized by the buildup of lipids (fats) and inflammation in the large arteries. Over time, this accumulation can lead to severe complications like …
Water quality is considered by many laboratorians to be one of the most important preanalytical variables that impacts laboratory testing. Many people believe water to be a laboratory reagent, and it’s used to make buffers, blanks, calibrators, controls, mobile phase, reaction mixtures, and reagent reconstitution for a variety of lab …
As a result of interfering factors, test results might be affected. When it comes to interference factors, it relies on the method adopted to analyze the same analyte. Hemolysis, lipemia, icterus, drugs, paraproteins, and other sample contaminants, such as gels, tube additives, and fibrin clots, are all examples of interference …
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the most prevalent inflammatory joint disease, affecting roughly 1% of the global adult population. It is characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, which frequently leads to progressive joint degeneration, disability, and a loss in quality of life. Although the exact cause of RA is unknown, autoimmunity is …
A lot of structures appear like parasites but aren’t. In microscopy, artifacts and confusers are two categories of structures that are most often present in stool and blood samples. Stool objects and confusers may be triggered by disease mechanisms, medications, and/or eating patterns. It may be perplexing to see free-living …
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was first identified by Cotugno in 1764, which is a major body fluid. CSF provides a systemic mechanism for providing nutrients to the nervous tissue, eliminating metabolic waste and building a structural shield against damage to protect the brain and spinal cord. The meninges cover the …
Venipuncture is a convenient way to provide a large blood sample that can be used for many various studies. A venipuncture, also called a phlebotomy, is punctured by a hypodermic needle in the superficial vein and blood is drawn into the vacuum tube or syringe. Performing a venipuncture involves several …
Introduction Semen analysis plays a crucial role in assessing male fertility health. It involves the examination of semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Understanding the composition and characteristics of semen can provide valuable insights into reproductive health. Composition of semen Semen is composed of various components: Appearance The visual …
The fecal occult blood test detects bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract in a simple, fast, and low-cost manner. Although the treatment is not definitive for colorectal cancer or any other disease, it is commonly used as a colorectal cancer screening test, and is a leading cause of cancer death. When …