Theory & Practices of Clinical Laboratory
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was first identified by Cotugno in 1764, which is a major body fluid. CSF provides a systemic mechanism for providing nutrients to the nervous tissue, eliminating metabolic waste and building a structural shield against damage to protect the brain and spinal cord. The meninges cover the …
Separating nucleic acid is an exceedingly essential tool for molecular biology. Until modern technology could be used, nucleic acid separation was a time-consuming and work-intensive process based on multiple extraction and centrifugation steps, often constrained by small yields and low purity of separation products, and not suitable for automation and …
Proper data analysis is crucial to obtaining valid and relevant results from an experimental system but is especially critical when assessing variations in mRNA expression of genes, the so-called transcriptome. Unlike DNA that is present in each cell throughout the life of the organism, RNA is transiently expressed and levels …
Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar and iron Agar (KIA) from Kligler are useful in the presumptive identification of gram-negative enteric bacteria, especially in the screening for intestinal pathogens. The formulae for TSI agar and KIA are identical except that in addition to glucose and lactose, TSI agar contains sucrose. TSI …
Different methods for preparing the cytology smears are available. Nevertheless, these methods work best with different types of specimens. Understanding each procedure can help to determine the right approach for particular cases, eliminating procedures that may yield suboptimal findings and hinder diagnosis. Easy manual techniques with a minimum of supplies …
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek (1681) discovered Giardia Lamblia originally named Cercomonas intestinalis, later also known as Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenale in his stools, making it one of the earliest known protozoan parasites. It is called Giardia after Paris Professor Giard and Lamblia after Prague Professor Lambl, who provided a detailed description of the parasite. It is …
C-Peptide (Connecting peptide) is the binding peptide cleaved in proinsulin insulin processing. Responsive immunoassays in blood and urine can easily detect it. Serum C-peptide is a particularly useful marker of endogenous insulin secretion (a synthetic insulin that does not contain C-peptide). A patient is being diagnosed with exogenous (injected) insulin …
Till the late 1950s, blood cells were routinely counted manually. In 1956, W. H. Coulter patented a system which used the electrical impedance process, also known as aperture impedance, to count blood cells. This innovation made the blood cell counts production quicker, smoother, and more accessible. The first instruments of …
Venipuncture is a convenient way to provide a large blood sample that can be used for many various studies. A venipuncture, also called a phlebotomy, is punctured by a hypodermic needle in the superficial vein and blood is drawn into the vacuum tube or syringe. Performing a venipuncture involves several …
Test Description Cardiolipin antibodies are the most common kind of antiphospholipid antibody. These antibodies are essential in the mechanism of blood coagulation. When a patient develops autoantibodies (antibodies to anticardiolipin, or ACA) against cardiolipins, he or she is at a higher risk of chronic thrombosis. There are three groups of …