Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia

Calcium is required for efficient cellular function and signaling, as well as neuromuscular transmission, cardiac contractility, hormone secretion, and blood coagulation. Extracellular calcium concentrations are controlled within an extremely narrow range thanks to a number of feedback processes including parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitmin D …

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Thyroid Disorders Explained: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Effective Treatments

The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in our body’s metabolic activities. It consists of colloid, which contains iodinated thyroglobulin, a large molecule synthesized by follicular cells. Thyroxine, also known as T4, is produced from thyroglobulin and processed in colloid. Additionally, neuroendocrine cells called parafollicular or C cells release calcitonin, …

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