Theory & Practices of Clinical Laboratory
Sex development starts in utero but progresses with the completion of sexual maturity and reproductive capacity into young adulthood. Three primary components may be classified into the major determinants of sex development: chromosomal sex, gonadal sex (sex determination), and phenotypic type (sex differentiation). Abnormalities at any of these stages can …
Specimen collection technique: Voided urine Ileal conduit urine Catheter urine Bladder washing Upper urinary tract brush cytology Voided urine It is the most common sample type Voided urine undergoes degeneration very quickly hence preservative are used to reduce cellular degeneration and stopping bacterial growth. Voided urine should be obtained 3 …
Arbitrarily, the terms karyogram, karyotype and ideogram have often been used. The term karyogram should be applied to a systematic sequence of chromosomes prepared either by drawing, digitizing, or extending photography, indicating that the chromosomes of a single cell will describe an individual’s or even a species’ chromosomes. To identify …
Cytogenetics is the study of chromosome morphology, structure, pathology, function, and behavior. Chromosomes are studied by cytogenetic techniques and are best studied at mitotic or meiotic metaphase, although some studies, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods, may utilize interphase cells. Once dividing cells are obtained, mitotic arresting agents …
Diseases, syndromes, and other disorders caused by mutations or chromosomal abnormalities of one or more genes are known as genetic conditions. Congenital disorders are not caused by genetic defects or chromosomal variations. Rather, problems that arise during embryonic or fetal development or during the delivery process trigger them. One example …
Due to its long-pointed tail, which resembles a straight pin in the adult worm, Enterobius vermicularis is called a pinworm. It is also known as ‘Seatworm’. It was originally called Oxyuris vermicularis, discovered by Linnaeus in 1758, and the condition was for several years referred to as oxyuriasis. In ancient …
During hemostasis, coagulation system development of fibrin clots as a reaction to vascular injury is regulated by the fibrinolytic system breakup of the clot. D- Dimers are one of several fragments formed when plasmin, an enzyme that is activated by the fibrinolytic pathway, cleaves fibrin to break down clots. It …
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was first identified by Cotugno in 1764, which is a major body fluid. CSF provides a systemic mechanism for providing nutrients to the nervous tissue, eliminating metabolic waste and building a structural shield against damage to protect the brain and spinal cord. The meninges cover the …
Separating nucleic acid is an exceedingly essential tool for molecular biology. Until modern technology could be used, nucleic acid separation was a time-consuming and work-intensive process based on multiple extraction and centrifugation steps, often constrained by small yields and low purity of separation products, and not suitable for automation and …
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) has become a new normal in molecular biology for evaluating the gene expression. This technique allows for sensitive and specific detection of mRNA levels, forming the basis of transcriptomic studies. However, because RNA is dynamic and transient, especially when compared to the more stable DNA, optimizing …