Theory & Practices of Clinical Laboratory
clinicalsci
Introduction Papillomavirus is one of two genera in the Papovaviridae family. The viruses in this category, however, vary significantly from those in the other genus, Polyomavirus, in terms of genome size, organization, and pathogenesis. Papillomaviruses (Latin: papilla = ‘nipple’; oma = ‘tumour’) cause benign skin tumors (papillomas) in their hosts, …
A lot of structures appear like parasites but aren’t. In microscopy, artifacts and confusers are two categories of structures that are most often present in stool and blood samples. Stool objects and confusers may be triggered by disease mechanisms, medications, and/or eating patterns. It may be perplexing to see free-living …
Osmometry is a method of determining the concentration of solute particles in a solution that add to the osmotic pressure. The flow of a solvent (in biological systems, water) through membranes that separate two solutions is regulated by osmotic pressure. The ability to choose molecules of various sizes and shapes …
Sex development starts in utero but progresses with the completion of sexual maturity and reproductive capacity into young adulthood. Three primary components may be classified into the major determinants of sex development: chromosomal sex, gonadal sex (sex determination), and phenotypic type (sex differentiation). Abnormalities at any of these stages can …
Specimen collection technique: Voided urine Ileal conduit urine Catheter urine Bladder washing Upper urinary tract brush cytology Voided urine It is the most common sample type Voided urine undergoes degeneration very quickly hence preservative are used to reduce cellular degeneration and stopping bacterial growth. Voided urine should be obtained 3 …
Arbitrarily, the terms karyogram, karyotype and ideogram have often been used. The term karyogram should be applied to a systematic sequence of chromosomes prepared either by drawing, digitizing, or extending photography, indicating that the chromosomes of a single cell will describe an individual’s or even a species’ chromosomes. To identify …
Cytogenetics is the study of chromosome morphology, structure, pathology, function, and behavior. Chromosomes are studied by cytogenetic techniques and are best studied at mitotic or meiotic metaphase, although some studies, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods, may utilize interphase cells. Once dividing cells are obtained, mitotic arresting agents …
Diseases, syndromes, and other disorders caused by mutations or chromosomal abnormalities of one or more genes are known as genetic conditions. Congenital disorders are not caused by genetic defects or chromosomal variations. Rather, problems that arise during embryonic or fetal development or during the delivery process trigger them. One example …
Due to its long-pointed tail, which resembles a straight pin in the adult worm, Enterobius vermicularis is called a pinworm. It is also known as ‘Seatworm’. It was originally called Oxyuris vermicularis, discovered by Linnaeus in 1758, and the condition was for several years referred to as oxyuriasis. In ancient …
During hemostasis, coagulation system development of fibrin clots as a reaction to vascular injury is regulated by the fibrinolytic system breakup of the clot. D- Dimers are one of several fragments formed when plasmin, an enzyme that is activated by the fibrinolytic pathway, cleaves fibrin to break down clots. It …