Theory & Practices of Clinical Laboratory
clinicalsci
A blood clot arises as a result of any injury to the body tissues. Blood clots, on the other hand, can trigger severe complications like strokes or MI in heart related dysfunction. Anticoagulants such as aspirin or warfarin are often administered for life as prophylaxis. These medications reduce clot formation …
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite derived from dietary nutrients processed by gut bacteria. Emerging research links high TMAO levels to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes. It is essential to understand TMAO production, its impact on cholesterol metabolism, and its broader health implications for …
Atherosclerosis, also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is the most common form of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a leading cause of death worldwide. This condition is characterized by the buildup of lipids (fats) and inflammation in the large arteries. Over time, this accumulation can lead to severe complications like …
Rotavirus is a widely recognised cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children all around the world. Almost every child under the age of five is at risk of contracting group A rotavirus (RVA). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that Rotavirus causes around 450,000 fatalities, more than 2 million hospitalizations, …
Samuel Darling, a physician practicing at the Canal Zone Hospital in Panama, initially reported histoplasmosis and named the bacterium in 1904. He mistook the bacterium, which resembled Leishmania in tissues, for a parasite. Histoplasma capsulatum is a thermally dimorphic fungus that occurs as a mold in the environment and at …
Von Behring and Kitasato discovered an agent in the blood capable of neutralizing diphtheria toxin in 1890. The term ‘Antikörper,’ or antibodies, was used in investigations the following year to describe the agent’s capacity to distinguish between two immunological compounds. As a result, the substance that causes the creation of …
Hepatic Lipase belongs to the lipase gene family, which also includes pancreatic lipase, Hepatic Lipase, and endothelial lipase. In humans, the Hepatic Lipase (HL) gene is found on chromosome 15 (q15–q22). It is more over 60 kb in length, with eight introns and nine exons accounting for 1.6 kb. Hepatic …
Introduction Gonorrhea is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide, caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The name “gonorrhea” originates from the Greek words meaning “flow of seed,” reflecting the misconception in ancient times that its symptoms were due to semen discharge. Historically, gonorrhea and syphilis were …
Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is an enzyme that is employed in a test for the presumptive identification of Streptococci. LAP is a peptidase that hydrolyzes peptide bonds near free amino groups. LAP is known as leucine aminopeptidase because it responds most efficiently with leucine. Leucine- β-naphthylamide is hydrolyzed to yield β-naphthylamine. …
The measurement or quantification of cells suspended in a fluid phase is performed using flow cytometry. Fluorochrome-coupled antibodies specific for a certain cellular marker are used to label the cells. The fluidics chamber enables that cell travel via a laser beam in a single file, exciting the fluorochrome. A detector …