Theory & Practices of Clinical Laboratory
clinicalsci
Introduction Semen analysis plays a crucial role in assessing male fertility health. It involves the examination of semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Understanding the composition and characteristics of semen can provide valuable insights into reproductive health. Composition of semen Semen is composed of various components: Appearance The visual …
The fecal occult blood test detects bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract in a simple, fast, and low-cost manner. Although the treatment is not definitive for colorectal cancer or any other disease, it is commonly used as a colorectal cancer screening test, and is a leading cause of cancer death. When …
All of the stable materials suspended in the urine are referred to as “urine sediment.” Microscopic analysis of urine sediment is useful to rule out kidney and urinary tract disease. Microscopic examination of such observations can contribute to the interpretation of faulty physical and chemical tests. The epithelium, liver, lower …
The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in our body’s metabolic activities. It consists of colloid, which contains iodinated thyroglobulin, a large molecule synthesized by follicular cells. Thyroxine, also known as T4, is produced from thyroglobulin and processed in colloid. Additionally, neuroendocrine cells called parafollicular or C cells release calcitonin, …
Immunodiffusion Assays involving the diffusion of soluble antigen and antibody include the precipitation reaction. When the concentrations reach a critical point, a visible precipitate is formed, which is made up of an insoluble complex of antigens and antibodies. In an agarose gel, precipitation reactions are the most stable. Double immunodiffusion, …
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a complex multi-system disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. It predominantly affects children, but about 41% of patients are adults, with 13% over 30 years old. Genetic testing and advancements in therapies are pivotal for diagnosis and treatment. Key CFTR Gene Facts CFTR Gene Mutations and …
The WNT signaling pathway was first discovered in colon cancer research and embryonic development studies of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), frogs (Xenopus laevis), and other animals. Colorectal and other forms of cancers may be caused by abnormal activation of the WNT pathway. The bipartite transcription factor β-catenin/ Tcell factor (β-cat/TCF) …
Entamoeba histolytica is a parasitic protozoan that causes amebic dysentery and can lead to severe complications like liver abscesses. Common in areas with poor sanitation, it is vital to understand its symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and treatment options for effective management. By infecting the mucosa of the colon, this ameba infect …
Pelger-Huët anomaly (PHA), also known as true or congenital PHA, is an autosomal dominant condition marked by reduced nuclear segmentation (bilobed, unilobed) and a distinctive coarse chromatin clumping pattern that can involve any leukocyte, while morphologic differences are more noticeable in mature neutrophils. A mutation in the lamin β-receptor gene …
Introduction The Catalase Test is a rapid and efficient diagnostic tool for identifying bacterial species. By detecting the presence of the enzyme catalase, this test distinguishes catalase-positive bacteria, like Staphylococcus, from catalase-negative organisms, such as Streptococcus. Widely used in clinical microbiology, it provides valuable insights for bacterial identification. Catalase is …