Theory & Practices of Clinical Laboratory
clinicalsci 
The development of methods of DNA sequencing has contributed to the study of organisms’ genomic sequences. Maxam and Gilbert found the binding site for lactose-repressors by copying and sequencing 24 bases. Sanger and Maxam-Gilbert procedures were more widespread previously and are still used to determine the order of the nucleotide …
Fungal infections, also known as mycoses or mycosis, encompass a diverse range of conditions caused by various fungal species. Despite the abundance of fungi, only a select few pose a threat to human health. Mycoses manifest in five distinct forms: Superficial, Cutaneous, Subcutaneous, Systemic, and Opportunistic. Understanding these classifications is …
Liver Function Tests (LFTs) are blood tests that provide critical insights into your liver’s health. These tests measure specific enzymes, proteins, and substances that indicate liver functionality and help detect liver diseases or damage early. In this article, we’ll explore the liver’s role in your body, the importance of LFTs, and …
Introduction Semen analysis plays a crucial role in assessing male fertility health. It involves the examination of semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Understanding the composition and characteristics of semen can provide valuable insights into reproductive health. Composition of semen Semen is composed of various components: Appearance The visual …
The fecal occult blood test detects bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract in a simple, fast, and low-cost manner. Although the treatment is not definitive for colorectal cancer or any other disease, it is commonly used as a colorectal cancer screening test, and is a leading cause of cancer death. When …
All of the stable materials suspended in the urine are referred to as “urine sediment.” Microscopic analysis of urine sediment is useful to rule out kidney and urinary tract disease. Microscopic examination of such observations can contribute to the interpretation of faulty physical and chemical tests. The epithelium, liver, lower …
The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in our body’s metabolic activities. It consists of colloid, which contains iodinated thyroglobulin, a large molecule synthesized by follicular cells. Thyroxine, also known as T4, is produced from thyroglobulin and processed in colloid. Additionally, neuroendocrine cells called parafollicular or C cells release calcitonin, …
Immunodiffusion Assays involving the diffusion of soluble antigen and antibody include the precipitation reaction. When the concentrations reach a critical point, a visible precipitate is formed, which is made up of an insoluble complex of antigens and antibodies. In an agarose gel, precipitation reactions are the most stable. Double immunodiffusion, …
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a complex multi-system disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. It predominantly affects children, but about 41% of patients are adults, with 13% over 30 years old. Genetic testing and advancements in therapies are pivotal for diagnosis and treatment. Key CFTR Gene Facts CFTR Gene Mutations and …
The WNT signaling pathway was first discovered in colon cancer research and embryonic development studies of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), frogs (Xenopus laevis), and other animals. Colorectal and other forms of cancers may be caused by abnormal activation of the WNT pathway. The bipartite transcription factor β-catenin/ Tcell factor (β-cat/TCF) …