Theory & Practices of Clinical Laboratory
clinicalsci
The development of methods of DNA sequencing has contributed to the study of organisms’ genomic sequences. Maxam and Gilbert found the binding site for lactose-repressors by copying and sequencing 24 bases. Sanger and Maxam-Gilbert procedures were more widespread previously and are still used to determine the order of the nucleotide …
Fungal infections, also known as mycoses or mycosis, encompass a diverse range of conditions caused by various fungal species. Despite the abundance of fungi, only a select few pose a threat to human health. Mycoses manifest in five distinct forms: Superficial, Cutaneous, Subcutaneous, Systemic, and Opportunistic. Understanding these classifications is …
A liver function test (LFT) is a blood test that measures the amounts of certain enzymes and proteins released by the liver in the blood. Several tests are used to identify, diagnose, and assess liver disorders or damage. The test may also be utilized to assess the efficacy of a …
Introduction Semen analysis plays a crucial role in assessing male fertility health. It involves the examination of semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Understanding the composition and characteristics of semen can provide valuable insights into reproductive health. Composition of semen Semen is composed of various components: Appearance The visual …
The fecal occult blood test detects bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract in a simple, fast, and low-cost manner. Although the treatment is not definitive for colorectal cancer or any other disease, it is commonly used as a colorectal cancer screening test, and is a leading cause of cancer death. When …
All of the stable materials suspended in the urine are referred to as “urine sediment.” Microscopic analysis of urine sediment is useful to rule out kidney and urinary tract disease. Microscopic examination of such observations can contribute to the interpretation of faulty physical and chemical tests. The epithelium, liver, lower …
The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in our body’s metabolic activities. It consists of colloid, which contains iodinated thyroglobulin, a large molecule synthesized by follicular cells. Thyroxine, also known as T4, is produced from thyroglobulin and processed in colloid. Additionally, neuroendocrine cells called parafollicular or C cells release calcitonin, …
Immunodiffusion Assays involving the diffusion of soluble antigen and antibody include the precipitation reaction. When the concentrations reach a critical point, a visible precipitate is formed, which is made up of an insoluble complex of antigens and antibodies. In an agarose gel, precipitation reactions are the most stable. Double immunodiffusion, …
Cystic Fibrosis is a multi-system disease marked by a monogenic condition. While Cystic Fibrosis is mostly a childhood condition, about 5% of adults are diagnosed with it. About 41% of Cystic Fibrosis patients are over the age of 18, and 13% are over the age of 30. The CFTR protein …
The WNT signaling pathway was first discovered in colon cancer research and embryonic development studies of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), frogs (Xenopus laevis), and other animals. Colorectal and other forms of cancers may be caused by abnormal activation of the WNT pathway. The bipartite transcription factor β-catenin/ Tcell factor (β-cat/TCF) …